Overview

Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, causes red, swollen gums and can mean the connective tissue and bone that hold teeth in place may be destroyed. Periodontal disease is the major cause of tooth loss.

Each tooth is embedded in the gum and attached by connective tissue to bone. Healthy gums are pale, pink, smooth and firm, and form a peak or cone between adjacent teeth. They surround your teeth like a turtleneck fits your neck, with just a narrow crevice in between. In this crevice is where problems begin because it is teeming with bacteria, which produce the sticky, soft, colorless substance known as plaque.

As plaque accumulates, bacteria release toxins that irritate the gums, triggering an immune response that causes gums to swell, turn red and bleed easily. Plaque can harden into tartar. The buildup of tartar worsens the condition, causing the gums to pull away from teeth. Deeper pockets may form. Bacteria invade these pockets and can infect and destroy the underlying connective tissue and bone, loosening the teeth.

Gingivitis

Gingivitis is a stage of periodontal disease in which the inflamed gums begin to pull back from the teeth. No damage is done to the connective tissue and bone. Ordinary gingivitis is the most common and least severe form. Gums are red, swollen and bleed easily. People with gingivitis may have persistent bad breath. This stage is easily treated.

Periodontitis

Gingivitis may lead to periodontitis, which involves deep pockets between gums and teeth. In severe cases, the connective tissue and bone are damaged. The most common type is adult periodontitis and may start as early as the teen years, but symptoms usually don't become noticeable until the mid-30s or later. Children also can get periodontitis.

More than 50 percent of adults have gingivitis and 30 percent have periodontitis.

Periodontal disease may contribute to heart disease, increase the risk of premature births and worsen the condition of people with stroke, diabetes, osteoporosis and respiratory infections. Research reveals that periodontal disease may be a far more serious threat to your health than realized.

Prognosis

Not brushing and flossing or getting regular professional cleanings encourage plaque and tartar formation. Even after you've developed gum disease, you can stop its progression and reverse its symptoms by seeing a dentist and practicing good oral hygiene. By quitting smoking you can also decrease your risk of developing periodontal disease.

More on Periodontal Disease

In the Encyclopedia:

This article was reviewed and updated June 2007.