Medications That Help

• Bronchodilators help open narrowed airways. Short-acting bronchodilators, both beta-agonists and anticholinergics, are the backbone of therapy for COPD. Long-acting bronchodilators are used for moderate to severe COPD.

  The most common side effect of taking beta-agonists is muscle tremor. This side effect often goes away after taking the medication for several weeks. High doses of beta-agonists can cause adverse effects such as a change in blood pressure, increase in heart rate, restlessness, apprehension and headaches.

  Anticholinergic drugs block the chemical produced by our bodies that normally causes the airways to contract. They also decrease mucous secretions or phlegm.

• Corticosteroids or steroids can be given orally or intravenously during acute symptoms of COPD to help reduce inflammation and bronchospasm. The use of inhaled corticosteroids remains one of the most controversial issues in COPD pharmacology. Data from studies shows a modest reduction in the frequency of COPD exacerbations with inhaled corticosteroids.

• Antibiotics fight infection. They are frequently given at the first sign of a respiratory infection.

• Expectorants help loosen and expel mucus secretions from the airways.

• Oxygen is only helpful when there is a low level of oxygen in the blood. Being short of breath does not necessarily mean that you are not getting enough oxygen. Tests can be done to check your blood oxygen levels. Low oxygen levels over months or years can put a strain on the heart, leading to heart problems. Oxygen is given to prevent heart strain. It is a drug and can have side effects so if your doctor prescribes oxygen, do not increase your dosage unless you have discussed this with your doctor.

• A flu vaccine is generally recommended for people with COPD. It is available in early autumn.

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This article was reviewed and updated June 2007.