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Why would I need this test?
Colonoscopy (koh-luh-NAH-skuh-pee) is done to detect colon (large intestine) abnormalities including early signs of cancer in the colon and rectum. Your physician may also want you to have the procedure if you have abdominal symptoms (e.g., pain or discomfort, especially if associated with weight loss or anemia); abnormal results of barium x-ray; chronic diarrhea; constipation; a change in bowel habits; rectal bleeding or anemia.
Through colonoscopy, a physician can look inside your entire large intestine, from the lowest part, the rectum, all the way up through the colon to the lower end of the small intestine. He or she can see inflamed tissue, abnormal growths called polyps (which may be cancerous or non-cancerous), ulcers, bleeding, and muscle spasms.
Studies suggest that colonoscopy is a more effective screening method than barium enema.
How can I prepare for this test?
Your colon must be empty for the colonoscopy to be thorough and safe. To prepare you should:
- Drink only clear liquids and eat no food the day before the procedure.
- Drink a special solution which flushes the colon clean; alternatively, you may take laxatives or use an enema.
- Arrange for someone to take you home afterward. You will not be allowed to drive because of the sedatives.
How is this test performed?
Colonoscopy is usually performed on an outpatient basis. The patient is mildly sedated and usually will not remember or even be very aware of the procedure. The physician will insert a long, flexible, lighted tube into your rectum and slowly guide it into your colon. The scope transmits an image of the inside of the colon, so the physician can carefully examine the lining of the colon.
How long does the procedure take?
Colonoscopy usually takes between 30 to 60 minutes.
What happens if an abnormality is found?
If anything unusual is in your colon, such as a polyp or inflamed tissue, the physician can remove a piece of it using tiny instruments passing through the scope. The tissue is then sent to a laboratory for testing. If there is bleeding in the colon, the physician can pass a laser, heater probe, or electrical probe, or inject special medicines through the scope and use it to stop the bleeding.
Are there any risks associated with this test?
Serious risks with colonoscopy are very uncommon. However, excessive bleeding may occur, especially with the removal of a large polyp. In rare circumstances, the lining of the colon can tear and a perforation results.
What is a desirable result?
A desirable result is when there are no abnormalities detectable, or a biopsy shows that a polyp is benign (non-cancerous).
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External Sources
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National Cancer Institute
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National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
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This article was reviewed and updated June 2007.
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