Cerumen impaction

Definition

Cerumen impaction is a condition in which earwax has become tightly packed in the external ear canal to the point that the canal is blocked.

Description

Cerumen impaction develops when earwax accumulates in the inner part of the ear canal and blocks the eardrum. It affects between 2%-6% of the general population in the United States. Impaction does not happen under normal circumstances because cerumen is produced by glands in the outer part of the ear canal; it is not produced in the inner part. The cerumen traps sand or dust particles before they reach the ear drum. It also protects the outer part of the ear canal because it repels water. The slow movement of the outer layer of skin of the ear canal carries cerumen toward the outer opening of the ear. As the older cerumen reaches the opening of the ear, it dries out and falls away.

Causes and symptoms

Causes

Cerumen is most likely to become impacted when it is pushed against the eardrum by cotton-tipped applicators, hair pins, or other objects that people put in their ears; and when it is trapped against the eardrum by a hearing aid. Less common causes of cerumen impaction include overproduction of earwax by the glands in the ear canal, or an abnormally shaped ear canal.

Symptoms

The most important symptom of cerumen impaction is partial loss of hearing. Other symptoms are itching, tinnitus (noise or ringing in the ears), a sensation of fullness in the ear, and pain.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of impacted cerumen is usually made by examining the ear canal and eardrum with an otoscope, an instrument with a light attached that allows the doctor to look into the canal.

Treatment

Irrigation is the most common method of removing impacted cerumen. It involves washing out the ear canal with water from a commercial irrigator or a syringe with a catheter attached. Although some doctors use Water Piks to remove cerumen, most do not recommend them because the stream of water is too forceful and may damage the eardrum. The doctor may add a small amount of alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, or other antiseptic. The water must be close to body temperature; if it is too cold or too warm, the patient may feel dizzy or nauseated. After the ear has been irrigated, the doctor will apply antibiotic ear drops to protect the ear from infection.

Irrigation should not be used to remove cerumen if the patient's eardrum is ruptured or missing; if the patient has a history of chronic otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear) or a myringotomy (cutting the eardrum to allow fluid to escape from the middle ear); or if the patient has hearing in only one ear.

If irrigation cannot be used or fails to remove the cerumen, the patient is referred to an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist. The specialist can remove the wax with a vacuum device or a curette, which is a small scoop-shaped surgical instrument.

Some doctors prescribe special ear drops, such as Cerumenex, to soften the wax. The most common side effect of Cerumenex is an allergic skin reaction. Over-the-counter wax removal products include Debrox or Murine Ear Drops. A 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide may also be used. These products are less likely to irritate the skin of the ear.

Prognosis

In most cases, impacted cerumen is successfully removed by irrigation with no lasting side effects. Irrigation can, however, lead to infection of the outer or the middle ear if the patient has a damaged or absent ear drum. Patients who try to remove earwax themselves with hair pins or similar objects run the risk of perforating the ear drum or damaging the fragile skin covering the ear canal, causing bleeding and the risk of infection.

Prevention

The best method of cleaning the external ear is to wipe the outer opening with a damp washcloth folded over the index finger, without going into the ear canal itself. Two techniques have been recommended to prevent cerumen from reaccumulating in the ear. The patient may place two or three drops of mineral oil into each ear once a week, allow it to remain for two or three minutes, and rinse it out with warm water; or place two drops of Domeboro otic solution in each ear once a week after showering.

Patients who wear hearing aids should have their ears examined periodically for signs of cerumen accumulation.

Cerumen

The medical term for earwax.

Curette

A small scoop-shaped surgical instrument that can be used to remove cerumen if irrigation does not work or cannot be used.

Impaction

A condition in which earwax has become tightly packed in the outer ear to the point that the external ear canal is blocked.

Irrigation

The technique of removing cerumen from the ear canal by flushing it with water.

Myringotomy

Surgical cutting of the ear drum to allow fluid to escape from the middle ear.

Otitis media

Inflammation of the middle ear. Patients who have had recurrent otitis media should not have cerumen removed by irrigation.

Tinnitus

A sensation of noise or ringing in the ears. Tinnitus may be a symptom of cerumen impaction.

For Your Information

Books

• Jackler, Robert K., MD, and Michael J. Kaplan, MD. "Cerumen Impaction." In "Ear, Nose, & Throat," Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2001. 40th ed. Ed. L. M. Tierney, Jr., MD, et al. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2001.

• "External Ear: Obstructions." In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, ed. by Mark H. Beers, MD, and Robert Berkow, MD. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 1999.

• Brownson, Paul J., MD. "Cerumen Management." Update: The Newsletter of the Council for Accreditation in Occupational Hearing Conservation 11, (4 no., Winter 2000-2001).

• American Academy of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inc.. OnePrince St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3357. (703) 836-4444. http://www.entnet.org>

Source: Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, Published December, 2002 by the Gale Group

The Essay Author is Rebecca J. Frey PhD.

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